Get that Linux feeling - on Windows. Run setup-x The signature for setup-x When installing packages for the first time, the setup program does not install every package. Only the minimal base packages from the Cygwin distribution are installed by default, which takes up about MB.
Clicking on categories and packages in the setup program package installation screen allows you to select what is installed or updated. Don't use this directory if your Windows login name contains a space; make another and use that one instead, e. Pathnames of files are often confusing to new Cygwin users. A pathname is simply a set of directions for finding a file. An absolute pathname begins at a fixed location the root of the file system.
Be careful: although Windows does preserve the original case of characters in filenames, it ignores case when looking for matches to file names. So, for example, if you write a file called baz. This behavior might be no surprise to Windows users, but it may be unexpected to Unix users. X applications "clients" exchange data with an X server another application. The X server receives and interprets instructions from the clients for displaying the clients' windows, and it collects and transmits keyboard and mouse input events to the clients.
Important: X clients cannot run unless they can connect to a running X server. The X server must be started first.
Since Xwin is a complete window system, it has a "root" background window on which X clients' windows are displayed. Xwin can run in "rootless" mode, in which its root window is invisible, allowing the MS-Windows desktop and application windows to be visible, and allowing the X clients' windows to be moved, resized, closed, and reopened using the same methods as for native MS-Windows applications.
Use startxwin to run Xwin in rootless mode. If you prefer, you can run the command startx in a Cygwin window to launch Xwin; using this method, Xwin opens a root window on the desktop, and all X client windows are contained within Xwin's root window.
Within this window, just as in a Cygwin terminal window, you are running the GNU bash shell. An important difference is that you can launch other X clients from an xterm without additional preparation.
You can access xterm 's menus by pressing and holding the Ctrl key while clicking the left, middle, or right mouse buttons. Use these menus to enable the scrollbar as shown in the screen shot above or to change the character size, among other possibilities. While the X server is running, its icon "X" appears in the Windows system tray see above.
You can click on this icon to force the X server to exit, but doing so will also force any X clients to exit; normally you should exit from all X clients before stopping the server. The environment is so Unix-like that it's easy to forget that it is all running under MS-Windows. The Cygwin project documentation highlights the important differences between Cygwin and other Unix -like environments.
Those who are new to Unix may find the additional resources listed below to be helpful while they are becoming familiar with the Unix way of doing things, which is quite different from the MS-Windows model. The final section tutorial 8 describes features of csh , an alternative to bash. Type ' cygpath --help ' for information. For example on my installation :.
So you need to set HOME and the home dir in your passwd account information correctly. Cygwin does support spaces in filenames and paths. That said, some utilities that use the library may not, since files don't typically contain spaces in Unix.
If you stumble into problems with this, you will need to either fix the utilities or stop using spaces in filenames used by Cygwin tools. In particular, bash interprets space as a word separator. You would have to quote a filename containing spaces, or escape the space character.
For example:. It sees a shortcut as a regular file and this you cannot "cd" into it. Windows applications can usually make use of Cygwin shortcuts but not vice versa. This is by choice. The reason is that Windows shortcuts may contain a bunch of extra information which would get lost, if, for example, Cygwin tar archives and extracts them as symlinks.
Changing a Cygwin shortcut in Windows Explorer usually changes a Cygwin shortcut into a Windows native shortcut. Afterwards, Cygwin will not recognize it as symlink anymore. Make sure you are using the find that came with Cygwin and that you aren't picking up the Win32 find command instead.
You can verify that you are getting the right one by doing a "type find" in bash. If the path argument to find, including current directory default , is itself a symbolic link, then find will not traverse it unless you specify the -follow option. This behavior is different than most other UNIX implementations, but is not likely to change. If find does not seem to be producing enough results, or seems to be missing out some directories, you may be experiencing a problem with one of find's optimisations.
The absence of. See the documentation for the option -noleaf in the man page. The su command has been in and out of Cygwin distributions, but it has not been ported to Cygwin and has never worked. It is currently installed as part of the sh-utils, but again, it does not work. You should rather install sshd and use ssh username localhost as a su replacement.
Why doesn't man -k , apropos or whatis work? Before you can use man -k , apropos or whatis , you must create the whatis database. Just run the command. There are two basic problems you might run into. Or, it could be a permission problem, and Cygwin doesn't understand that your script is executable. However, chmod may not work due to restrictions of the filesystem see FAQ entry above. In this case Cygwin must read the contents of files to determine if they are executable.
If your script does not start with. The Bourne shell idiom. This can be used for individual files as well as directories. Then Cygwin will not bother to read files to determine whether they are executable.
Some usage hints are available courtesy of Rodrigo Medina. Jason Tishler has written a couple of messages that explain how to use a2ps for nicely formatted text in PostScript and ghostscript to print PostScript files on non-PostScript Windows printers. Note that these are old mails and a2ps as well as file are long available as part of the Cygwin distribution. Alternatively, you can use the Windows print command. Finally, you can simply cat the file to the printer's share name:.
You may need to press the formfeed button on your printer or append the formfeed character to your file. Internationalization is a complex issue. The long answer can be found in the User's Guide in the section Internationalization. Cygwin uses UTF-8 by default. Setting the locale in the terminal's options will set the LANG variable accordingly. Non-Cygwin programs in the Cygwin Terminal do not usually take heed of the locale environment variables.
The codepage number for Cygwin's default UTF-8 character set is The Cygwin DLL has to handle various sharing situations between multiple processes. It has to keep a process table. It has to maintain a mount table which is based on the installation path of the Cygwin DLL.
For that reason, the Cygwin DLL maintains shared resources based on a hash value created from its own installation path. Therefore, you can install two or more separate Cygwin distros on a single machine. Each of these installations use their own Cygwin DLL, and they don't share the default POSIX paths, nor process tables, nor any other shared resource used to maintain the installation.
However, a clean separation requires that you don't try to run executables of one Cygwin installation from processes running in another Cygwin installation. This may or may not work, but the chances that the result is not what you expect are pretty high. If you get the error "shared region is corrupted" or "shared region version mismatch" it means you have multiple versions of cygwin1. Apart from mixing executables of different Cygwin installations, this could also happen if you have one a single Cygwin installation, for example, if you update the Cygwin package without exiting all Cygwin apps including services like sshd beforehand.
The only DLL that is sanctioned by the Cygwin project is the one that you get by running the Cygwin Setup program , installed in a directory controlled by this program. If you have other versions on your system and desire help from the cygwin project, you should delete or rename all DLLs that are not installed by the Cygwin Setup program. If you're trying to find multiple versions of the DLL that are causing this problem, reboot first, in case DLLs still loaded in memory are the cause.
Then use the Windows System find utility to search your whole machine, not just components in your PATH as 'type' would do or cygwin-mounted filesystems as Cygwin 'find' would do.
I read the above but I want to bundle Cygwin with a product, and ship it to customer sites. How can I do this without conflicting with any Cygwin installed by the user? Usually, if you keep your installation separate, nothing bad should happen. However, for the user's convenience, and to avoid potential problems which still can occur, consider to integrate your product with an already existing Cygwin installation on the user's machine, or, if there is none, consider to install the official Cygwin distro on behalf of the user and integrate your tools from there.
If you write a tool to make this easy, consider contributing it for others to use. Starting with Cygwin version 2. Cygwin versions prior to 2. If you choose to distribute an older cygwin1.
If you ship applications that link with older cygwin1. It depends on what you mean by "break". Remember that the Cygwin DLL strives to be backwards compatible so a newer version of the DLL should always work with older executables.
So, in general, it is always best to keep one version of the DLL on your system and it should always be the latest version which matches your installed distribution. Probably because there is nobody willing or able to maintain it. It takes time, and the priority for the Cygwin Team is the Cygwin package. The rest is a volunteer effort. Want to contribute? Why is the version of package XYZ older than the version that I installed on my linux system?
Is there something special about Cygwin which requires that only an older version of package XYZ will work on it? Every package in the Cygwin distribution has a maintainer who is responsible for sending out updates of the package. This person is a volunteer who is rarely the same person as the official developer of the package. If you notice that a version of a package seems to be out of date, the reason is usually pretty simple -- the person who is maintaining the package hasn't gotten around to updating it yet.
Rarely, the newer package actually requires complex changes that the maintainer is working out. If you urgently need an update, sending a polite message to the cygwin mailing list pinging the maintainer is perfectly acceptable.
There are no guarantees that the maintainer will have time to update the package or that you'll receive a response to your request, however. Cygwin has a builtin "cygdrive prefix" for drives that are not mounted. But see the warning below! This maps in the obvious way to the Windows path, but will be converted internally to use the Cygwin path, following mounts default or explicit. You could also use backward-slashes in the Windows path, but these would have to be escaped from the shell.
Warning: There is some ambiguity in going from a Windows path to the posix path, because different posix paths, through different mount points, could map to the same Windows directory. This matters because different mount points may be binmode or textmode, so the behavior of Cygwin apps will vary depending on the posix path used to get there. The mount command will only add the mount point for the lifetime of your current Cygwin session. First, consider using mintty instead of the standard console window.
In mintty, selecting with the left-mouse also copies, and middle-mouse pastes. It couldn't be easier! In Windows's console window, open the properties dialog. The options contain a toggle button, named "Quick edit mode". It must be ON. Save the properties. You can also bind the insert key to paste from the clipboard by adding the following line to your. Other well-known products including ZoneAlarm and Norton Internet Security have caused problems for some users but work fine for others.
At last report, Agnitum Outpost did not work with Cygwin. If you are having strange connection-related problems, disabling the firewall is a good troubleshooting step as is closing or disabling all other running applications, especially resource-intensive processes such as indexed search.
On the whole, Cygwin doesn't care which firewall is used. The few rare exceptions have to do with socket code. Cygwin uses sockets to implement many of its functions, such as IPC. Some overzealous firewalls install themselves deeply into the winsock stack with the 'layered service provider' API and install hooks throughout. Sadly the mailing list archives are littered with examples of poorly written firewall-type software that causes things to break.
Note that with many of these products, simply disabling the firewall does not remove these changes; it must be completely uninstalled. We often build with cross-compilers under Linux and copy binaries and source to the Windows system or just toy with them directly off the Samba-mounted partition. And then there are tools like scp , ftp , rsync , Several Unix programs expect to be able to use to filenames spelled the same way, but with different case.
A prime example of this is perl's configuration script, which wants Makefile and makefile. Windows can't tell the difference between files with just different case, so the configuration fails. To help with this problem, Cygwin supports case sensitivity. In Windows, files cannot be named com1, lpt1, or aux to name a few ; either as the root filename or as the extension part. If you do, you'll have trouble. Unix programs don't avoid these names which can make things interesting.
The perl configuration tries to make sure that aux. At least that's what happens when using native Windows tools. Cygwin can deal with these filenames just fine. If something goes wrong and the tools hang on you for some reason easy to do if you try and read a file called aux.
If you start up another shell, and applications don't run, it's a good bet that the hung process is still running somewhere. Use the Task Manager, pview, or a similar utility to kill the process. In theory this should never be necessary, though. After a new installation in the default location, your mount points will look something like this:.
This is intentional, and you should not undo these mounts unless you really know what you are doing. Rather than distinguish between them and try to keep track of them possibly requiring the occasional duplication or symbolic link , it was decided to maintain only one actual directory, with equivalent ways to access it.
Symbolic links had been considered for this purpose, but were dismissed because they do not always work on Samba drives. Also, mounts are faster to process because no disk access is required to resolve them. Note that non-cygwin applications will not observe Cygwin mounts or most symlinks for that matter. For example, if you use WinZip to unpack the tar distribution of a Cygwin package, it may not get installed to the correct Cygwin path.
So don't do this! It is strongly recommended not to make the Cygwin root directory the same as your drive's root directory, unless you know what you are doing and are prepared to deal with the consequences.
Maybe you have nothing like that installed now, but who knows about things you might add in the future?
This is because it tries to scan the newly loaded shared memory in cygwin1. It is not confirmed that this is still a problem, however. The only workaround is to disable VirusScan when accessing these files. This can be an issue during Setup, and is discussed in that FAQ entry. Some users report a significant performance hit using Cygwin when their anti-virus software is enabled. Rather than disable the anti-virus software completely, it may be possible to specify directories whose contents are exempt from scanning.
Obviously, this could be exploited by a hostile non-Cygwin program, so do this at your own risk. Install the emacs package. This provides everything you need in order to run GNU emacs in a terminal window. Cygwin supports multiple character sets. Symlinks created with Cygwin are using the UTF character set, which is portable across all character sets. Old symlinks were written using your current Windows codepage, which is not portable across all character sets.
If the target of the symlink doesn't resolve anymore, it's very likely that the symlink points to a target filename using native, non-ASCII characters, and you're now using another character set than way back when you created the symlink.
Solution: Delete the symlink and create it again under you new Cygwin. The new symlink will be correctly point to the target no matter what character set you're using in future. Samba does not enable this attribute by default.
To enable it, consult your Samba documentation and then add these lines to your samba configuration file:. Alternatively, use Windows shortcuts as symlinks. IEEE The background is that this way the standard POSIX permission bits reflect the fact that somebody else has additional, otherwise potentially invisible permissions on the file. This relatively complex interface has been defined in order to ensure that applications that are compliant with IEEE So, what does that mean for your situation?
OpenSSH expects the permissions of the private key file to be However, if other accounts can read the file, the key is potentially compromised. Up to Cygwin 1. Starting with Cygwin 1.
So now ssh will notice that the file has extra permissions and it will complain. On the client side you won't get any helping text, though, other than that you're suddenly asked for a password. This removes all additional ACL entries and thus fixes the permissions to be not too open:.
If the second ls command still gives you -rw-rw permissions after running the above commands, it is proably because the file's primary group is your user's personal group:. Since the Windows security system treats groups and users as much the same thing, a change to the user or group permissions on such a file reflects the change to both user and group.
In effect, mode becomes mode Because we are saying we want these files to be readable only by our user, the fix for this is easy:. That resets the group on these files to your default group which should be something like Users , depending on your local configuration.
If that doesn't work, you can try something like this instead:. That group always exists, but its name is different on non-English versions of Windows. You might also want to use a domain group instead of a local group if your site uses Windows domains. For example, you might want to use the Domain Users group instead.
The problem is exactly the same as with the key files of SSH. See Q: 4. This probably means that the directory in which you're creating the files has unwanted default ACL entries that are inherited by newly-created files and subdirectories. The solution is again the same:.
They were built as native libraries, which means they did not understand Cygwin mounts or symbolic links. This lead to all sorts of problems interacting with true Cygwin programs. If you get a message such as this when trying to start a Tk app:. From time to time, people have reported strange failures and problems in Cygwin and Cygwin packages that seem to have no rational explanation.
Among the most common symptoms they report are fork failures, memory leaks, and file access denied problems. These problems, when they have been traced, often appear to be caused by interference from other software installed on the same PC. Security software, in particular, such as anti-virus, anti-spyware, and firewall applications, often implements its functions by installing hooks into various parts of the system, including both the Explorer shell and the underlying kernel.
Sometimes these hooks are not implemented in an entirely transparent fashion, and cause changes in the behaviour which affect the operation of other programs, such as Cygwin.
Various programs by Wave Systems Corp using wxvault. Sometimes these problems can be worked around, by temporarily or partially disabling the offending software. For instance, it may be possible to disable on-access scanning in your antivirus, or configure it to ignore files under the Cygwin installation root. Often, unfortunately, this is not possible; even disabling the software may not work, since many applications that hook the operating system leave their hooks installed when disabled, and simply set them into what is intended to be a completely transparent pass-through mode.
Sometimes this pass-through is not as transparent as all that, and the hooks still interfere with Cygwin; in these cases, it may be necessary to uninstall the software altogether to restore normal operation. Caused by hook DLLs that load themselves into every process in the system. POSIX fork semantics require that the memory map of the child process must be an exact duplicate of the parent process' layout. If one of these DLLs loads itself at a different base address in the child's memory space as compared to the address it was loaded at in the parent, it can end up taking the space that belonged to a different DLL in the parent.
When Cygwin can't load the original DLL at that same address in the child, the fork call has to fail. Some programs e.
In some cases they may retain an open handle on the file even after the software that is really using the file has closed it. This has been known to cause operations such as deletes, renames and moves to fail with access denied errors.
In extreme cases it has been known for scanners to leak file handles, leading to kernel memory starvation. Firewall software sometimes gets a bit funny about Cygwin. It's not currently understood why; Cygwin only uses the standard Winsock2 API, but perhaps in some less-commonly used fashion that doesn't get as well tested by the publishers of firewalls. Symptoms include mysterious failures to connect, or corruption of network data being sent or received.
Some applications that hook into the Windows operating system exhibit bugs when interacting with Cygwin that cause them to leak allocated memory or other system resources. See this mail for more information. Force a full rebase: Run rebase-trigger fullrebase , exit all Cygwin programs and run the Cygwin Setup program. By default, the Cygwin Setup program automatically performs an incremental rebase of newly installed files.
Forcing a full rebase causes the rebase map to be cleared before doing the rebase. If you are an experienced Linux user and missing a powerful command-line environment then Cygwin is the best tool for you. Cygwin provides a set of utilities to developers who are coming from a Unix background.
Cygwin also provides a library to port Unix packages to the Windows system. Cygwin setup. It will download and install the minimal version of Cygwin to your system. You can add new packages to your Cygwin software as per your need in future.
After downloading the Cygwin installer package, double click to start the installation. You should see the following page:. Click on the Next button to start the installation. Select your root directory or leave it default and click on the Next button. Select your local package directory and click on the Next button.
Select the direct connection or select proxy if you connect the internet through a proxy and click on the Next button. You should see a list of Cygwin mirrors in the following page:. Select your desired mirrors and click on the Next button.
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