Measure content performance. Develop and improve products. List of Partners vendors. Abraham Maslow was an American psychologist who developed a hierarchy of needs to explain human motivation. His theory suggested that people have a number of basic needs that must be met before people move up the hierarchy to pursue more social, emotional, and self-actualizing needs. Abraham Maslow was born on April 1, , in Brooklyn, New York, where he grew up the first of seven children born to his Jewish parents who emigrated from Russia.
Maslow later described his early childhood as unhappy and lonely. He spent much of his time in the library immersed in books. After developing an interest in psychology, he switched to the University of Wisconsin and found a mentor in psychologist Harry Harlow who served as his doctoral advisor. Maslow earned all three of his degrees in psychology a bachelor's, master's, and doctorate from the University of Wisconsin. Abraham Maslow began teaching at Brooklyn College in and continued to work as a member of the school's faculty until During this time, he was heavily influenced by Gestalt psychologist Max Wertheimer and anthropologist Ruth Benedict.
Maslow believed that they were such exceptional people that he began to analyze and take notes on their behavior. This analysis served as the basis for his theories and research on human potential.
During the s, Maslow became one of the founders and driving forces behind the school of thought known as humanistic psychology. His theories—including the hierarchy of needs, self-actualization, and peak experiences —became fundamental subjects in the humanist movement. How did Maslow's ideas compare to other theories that were popular at the time?
Some key differences:. Actively scan device characteristics for identification. Use precise geolocation data. Select personalised content. Create a personalised content profile.
Measure ad performance. Select basic ads. Create a personalised ads profile. Select personalised ads. Apply market research to generate audience insights. Measure content performance. Develop and improve products. List of Partners vendors. What motivates human behavior?
Maslow's hierarchy of needs is one of the best-known theories of motivation. According to humanist psychologist Abraham Maslow , our actions are motivated in order to achieve certain needs.
Maslow first introduced his concept of a hierarchy of needs in his paper "A Theory of Human Motivation" and his subsequent book Motivation and Personality.
This hierarchy suggests that people are motivated to fulfill basic needs before moving on to other, more advanced needs. While some of the existing schools of thought at the time such as psychoanalysis and behaviorism tended to focus on problematic behaviors, Maslow was much more interested in learning about what makes people happy and the things that they do to achieve that aim. As a humanist, Maslow believed that people have an inborn desire to be self-actualized, that is, to be all they can be.
In order to achieve these ultimate goals, however, a number of more basic needs must be met such as the need for food, safety, love, and self-esteem. Maslow's hierarchy is most often displayed as a pyramid. The lowest levels of the pyramid are made up of the most basic needs, while the most complex needs are at the top of the pyramid. Needs at the bottom of the pyramid are basic physical requirements including the need for food, water, sleep, and warmth.
Once these lower-level needs have been met, people can move on to the next level of needs, which are for safety and security. As people progress up the pyramid, needs become increasingly psychological and social. Soon, the need for love , friendship, and intimacy becomes important. Further up the pyramid, the need for personal esteem and feelings of accomplishment take priority. Like Carl Rogers , Maslow emphasized the importance of self-actualization, which is a process of growing and developing as a person in order to achieve individual potential.
The last level is a bit different. Maslow has used a variety of terms to refer to this level: He has called it growth motivation in contrast to deficit motivation , being needs or B-needs , in contrast to D-needs , and self-actualization. These are needs that do not involve balance or homeostasis. Once engaged, they continue to be felt. Now, in keeping with his theory up to this point, if you want to be truly self-actualizing, you need to have your lower needs taken care of, at least to a considerable extent.
This makes sense: If you are hungry, you are scrambling to get food; If you are unsafe, you have to be continuously on guard; If you are isolated and unloved, you have to satisfy that need; If you have a low sense of self-esteem, you have to be defensive or compensate.
Maslow at one point suggested only about two percent! The question becomes, of course, what exactly does Maslow mean by self-actualization. To answer that, we need to look at the kind of people he called self-actualizers. Fortunately, he did this for us, using a qualitative method called biographical analysis.
He began by picking out a group of people, some historical figures, some people he knew, whom he felt clearly met the standard of self-actualization. He then looked at their biographies, writings, the acts and words of those he knew personally, and so on. From these sources, he developed a list of qualities that seemed characteristic of these people, as opposed to the great mass of us. These people were reality-centered , which means they could differentiate what is fake and dishonest from what is real and genuine.
And they had a different perception of means and ends. The self-actualizers also had a different way of relating to others. First, they enjoyed solitude , and were comfortable being alone. And they enjoyed deeper personal relations with a few close friends and family members, rather than more shallow relationships with many people.
They enjoyed autonomy , a relative independence from physical and social needs. And they resisted enculturation , that is, they were not susceptible to social pressure to be "well adjusted" or to "fit in" -- they were, in fact, nonconformists in the best sense. They had an unhostile sense of humor -- preferring to joke at their own expense, or at the human condition, and never directing their humor at others.
They had a quality he called acceptance of self and others , by which he meant that these people would be more likely to take you as you are than try to change you into what they thought you should be.
On the other hand, they were often strongly motivated to change negative qualities in themselves that could be changed. Along with this comes spontaneity and simplicity : They preferred being themselves rather than being pretentious or artificial. In fact, for all their nonconformity, he found that they tended to be conventional on the surface, just where less self-actualizing nonconformists tend to be the most dramatic.
Further, they had a sense of humility and respect towards others -- something Maslow also called democratic values -- meaning that they were open to ethnic and individual variety, even treasuring it. And this was accompanied by a strong ethics , which was spiritual but seldom conventionally religious in nature.
And these people had a certain freshness of appreciation , an ability to see things, even ordinary things, with wonder. Along with this comes their ability to be creative , inventive, and original.
And, finally, these people tended to have more peak experiences than the average person. A peak experience is one that takes you out of yourself, that makes you feel very tiny, or very large, to some extent one with life or nature or God. It gives you a feeling of being a part of the infinite and the eternal. These experiences tend to leave their mark on a person, change them for the better, and many people actively seek them out. They are also called mystical experiences, and are an important part of many religious and philosophical traditions.
There were several flaws or imperfections he discovered along the way as well: First, they often suffered considerable anxiety and guilt -- but realistic anxiety and guilt, rather than misplaced or neurotic versions.
Some of them were absentminded and overly kind. And finally, some of them had unexpected moments of ruthlessness, surgical coldness, and loss of humor. Two other points he makes about these self-actualizers: Their values were "natural" and seemed to flow effortlessly from their personalities.
And they appeared to transcend many of the dichotomies others accept as being undeniable, such as the differences between the spiritual and the physical, the selfish and the unselfish, and the masculine and the feminine. Another way in which Maslow approach the problem of what is self-actualization is to talk about the special, driving needs B-needs, of course of the self-actualizers.
They need the following in their lives in order to be happy:. Truth , rather than dishonesty. Goodness , rather than evil. Beauty , not ugliness or vulgarity. Unity, wholeness, and transcendence of opposites , not arbitrariness or forced choices. Aliveness , not deadness or the mechanization of life. Also, the motivation to fulfill such needs will become stronger the longer the duration they are denied. For example, the longer a person goes without food, the more hungry they will become.
Maslow initially stated that individuals must satisfy lower level deficit needs before progressing on to meet higher level growth needs. When a deficit need has been 'more or less' satisfied it will go away, and our activities become habitually directed towards meeting the next set of needs that we have yet to satisfy. These then become our salient needs. However, growth needs continue to be felt and may even become stronger once they have been engaged.
Growth needs do not stem from a lack of something, but rather from a desire to grow as a person. Once these growth needs have been reasonably satisfied, one may be able to reach the highest level called self-actualization.
Every person is capable and has the desire to move up the hierarchy toward a level of self-actualization. Unfortunately, progress is often disrupted by a failure to meet lower level needs.
Life experiences, including divorce and loss of a job, may cause an individual to fluctuate between levels of the hierarchy. Therefore, not everyone will move through the hierarchy in a uni-directional manner but may move back and forth between the different types of needs. Maslow , stated that people are motivated to achieve certain needs and that some needs take precedence over others.
Our most basic need is for physical survival, and this will be the first thing that motivates our behavior. Once that level is fulfilled the next level up is what motivates us, and so on.
Physiological needs - these are biological requirements for human survival, e. If these needs are not satisfied the human body cannot function optimally. Maslow considered physiological needs the most important as all the other needs become secondary until these needs are met. People want to experience order, predictability and control in their lives.
These needs can be fulfilled by the family and society e. For example, emotional security, financial security e. Love and belongingness needs - after physiological and safety needs have been fulfilled, the third level of human needs is social and involves feelings of belongingness.
Belongingness, refers to a human emotional need for interpersonal relationships, affiliating, connectedness, and being part of a group. Examples of belongingness needs include friendship, intimacy, trust, and acceptance, receiving and giving affection, and love.
Maslow classified esteem needs into two categories: i esteem for oneself dignity, achievement, mastery, independence and ii the desire for reputation or respect from others e.
Maslow indicated that the need for respect or reputation is most important for children and adolescents and precedes real self-esteem or dignity. Self-actualization needs are the highest level in Maslow's hierarchy, and refer to the realization of a person's potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences.
Maslow describes this level as the desire to accomplish everything that one can, to become the most that one can be. Individuals may perceive or focus on this need very specifically. For example, one individual may have a strong desire to become an ideal parent. In another, the desire may be expressed economically, academically or athletically. For others, it may be expressed creatively, in paintings, pictures, or inventions.
This is what we mean by saying that the basic human needs are organized into a hierarchy of relative prepotency" Maslow, , p. Maslow continued to refine his theory based on the concept of a hierarchy of needs over several decades Maslow, , , Maslow noted that the order of needs might be flexible based on external circumstances or individual differences.
For example, he notes that for some individuals, the need for self-esteem is more important than the need for love. For others, the need for creative fulfillment may supersede even the most basic needs. It is important to note that Maslow's , five-stage model has been expanded to include cognitive and aesthetic needs Maslow, a and later transcendence needs Maslow, b.
0コメント