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While in Kazan, Nikolai attended Kazan Gymnasium which is the equivalent of attending an American magnet school rather than public. Nikolai graduated in and decided to further his education at the newly founded Kazan State University.
As a student at Kazan University, Lobachevsky was influenced to pursue the study of mathematics by professor Johann Christian Martin Bartels, a former teacher and friend of German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss. Lobachevsky received a Master's degree in physics and mathematics in , in he was appointed to a lectureship at the university and by he was made a full professor.
Of all the founders of non-Euclidean geometry, Lobachevskii alone had the tenacity and persistence to develop and publish his new system of geometry despite adverse criticisms from the academic world. From a manuscript written in , it is known that Lobachevskii was not only concerned with the theory of parallels, but he realized then that the proofs suggested for the fifth postulate "were merely explanations and were not mathematical proofs in the true sense.
Lobachevskii's deductions produced a geometry, which he called "imaginary, " that was internally consistent and harmonious yet different from the traditional one of Euclid. Aside from Gauss, Lobachevskii's geometry received virtually no support from the mathematical world during his lifetime. In his system of geometry Lobachevskii assumed that through a given point lying outside the given line at least two straight lines can be drawn that do not intersect the given line.
In comparing Euclid's geometry with Lobachevskii's, the differences become negligible as smaller domains are approached. In the hope of establishing a physical basis for his geometry, Lobachevskii resorted to astronomical observations and measurements. But the distances and complexities involved prevented him from achieving success. Nonetheless, in Eugenio Beltrami demonstrated that there exists a surface, the pseudosphere, whose properties correspond to Lobachevskii's geometry.
No longer was Lobachevskii's geometry a purely logical, abstract, and imaginary construct; it described surfaces with a negative curvature. In time, Lobachevskii's geometry found application in the theory of complex numbers, the theory of vectors, and the theory of relativity.
The failure of his colleagues to respond favorably to his imaginary geometry in no way deterred them from respecting and admiring Lobachevskii as an outstanding administrator and a devoted member of the educational community. Before he took over his duties as rector, faculty morale was at a low point. Lobachevskii restored Kazan University to a place of respectability among Russian institutions of higher learning.
He cited repeatedly the need for educating the Russian people, the need for a balanced education, and the need to free education from bureaucratic interference.
Tragedy dogged Lobachevskii's life. His contemporaries described him as hardworking and suffering, rarely relaxing or displaying humor. In he married Varvara Alekseevna Moiseeva, a young woman from a wealthy family who was educated, quick-tempered, and unattractive. Most of their many children were frail, and his favorite son died of tuberculosis. There were several financial transactions that brought poverty to the family.
Previous day Next day. Go to Foreigners in Russia. Lobachevsky was the second of three boys born into the family of a land surveyor in the city of Nizhny Novgorod on the Volga River. When he was only eight, his father died, leaving his widow and three sons with virtually no means of survival. Here in Kazan, she was able to put her sons in a special gymnasium, which prepared students to enter the Moscow University.
It was partially sponsored by the government, and she managed to enroll the boys into the program for free. All three boys were bright and liked to study, but Nikolai soon discovered a particular gift for mathematics.
His math teacher, who at the time was one of the best in the gymnasium, singled out Nikolai and paid him extra attention in class.
In , a new university was founded in Kazan — it needed new students, and the gymnasium was full of potential academicians. In February , at the age of 14, Lobachevsky enrolled in the university. The young man was thrilled by the new opportunities and decided to focus on natural sciences in preparation to study medicine.
The university had very few qualified professors at the beginning. One of the most popular and reputable professors at the university was Martin Bartels, a mathematician from Germany. Before coming to Russia he taught at the University of Brunswick.
He was known for having tutored the child prodigy Carl Gauss, who became one of the greatest mathematicians of all time. Bartels also noticed the talented young man; he tutored Lobachevsky four extra hours a week at home, and had Nikolai helped him with students who had difficulties in class. Bartels efforts paid off in full — Lobachevsky adored him as a professor and became an excellent mathematician — he no longer solved only the problems his teacher gave him, but tried to make his own discoveries.
Lobachevsky was allowed to continue his studies — apparently the risk of losing his scholarship was enough motivation for him to change his behavior. He devoted himself fully to his studies and kept out of trouble.
Furthermore he was allowed to continue his studies at the university to become a professor. In , Lobachevsky became a lecturer, which marked the beginning of his year career at the Kazan University. Professor Bartels, who by then had been teaching in Russia for 12 years, passed all of his responsibilities onto his best student and left Russia. With time, other foreign professors left as well and soon Lobachevsky took on the whole Physics and Mathematics Faculty.
He embraced the challenge - the University had become his life by then and Lobachevsky was involved in its every aspect — he lectured in mathematics, astronomy and physics, he was the Chief University Librarian, practically building it from scratch and he was a member of the University Council, which oversaw construction on the campus premises.
The University of Kazan was on its way to becoming a top academic institution of the Russian Empire. However, very soon, this vigorous activity was interrupted. This drastic measure was supported neither by the Emperor nor by the District Education Council.
Instead they suggested that the university be restructured, with Magnitsky overseeing the changes.
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